%0 Journal Article %T Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data %A Virtanen­, Marianna %A Jokela, Markus %A Madsen, Ida Elisabeth Huitfeldt %A Magnusson Hanson, Linda L. %A Lallukka, Tea %A Nyberg, Solja T. %A Alfredsson, Lars %A Batty, G. David %A Bjorner, Jakob Bue %A Borritz, Marianne %A Burr, Hermann %A Dragano, Nico %A Erbel, Raimund %A Ferrie, Jane E. %A Heikkilä, Katriina %A Knutsson, Anders %A Koskenvuo, Markku %A Lahelma, Eero %A Nielsen, Martin L. %A Oksanen, Tuula %A Pejtersen, Jan H. %A Pentti, Jaana %A Rahkonen, Ossi %A Rugulies, Reiner %A Salo, Paula %A Schupp, Jürgen %A Shipley, Martin J. %A Siegrist, Johannes %A Singh-Manoux, Archana %A Suominen, Sakari B. %A Theorell, Töres %A Vahtera, Jussi %A Wagner, Gert G. %A Wang, Jian Li %A Yiengprugsawan, Vasoontara %A Westerlund, Hugo %A Kivimäki, Mika %J Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health %D 2018 %8 May 44 %N 3 %@ 0355-3140 %F Virtanen­2018 %X '

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OBJECTIVES ': 'This systematic review and meta-analysis combined published study-level data and unpublished individual-participant data with the aim of quantifying the relation between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms.

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METHODS ': 'We searched PubMed and Embase for published prospective cohort studies and included available cohorts with unpublished individual-participant data. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate summary estimates across studies.

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RESULTS ': 'We identified ten published cohort studies and included unpublished individual-participant data from 18 studies. In the majority of cohorts, long working hours was defined as working ≥55 hours per week. In multivariable-adjusted meta-analyses of 189 729 participants from 35 countries [96 275 men, 93 454 women, follow-up ranging from 1–5 years, 21 747 new-onset cases), there was an overall association of 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.25] between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms, with significant evidence of heterogeneity (I2=45.1%, P=0.004). A moderate association between working hours and depressive symptoms was found in Asian countries (1.50, 95% CI 1.13–2.01), a weaker association in Europe (1.11, 95% CI 1.00–1.22), and no association in North America (0.97, 95% CI 0.70–1.34) or Australia (0.95, 95% CI 0.70–1.29). Differences by other characteristics were small.

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CONCLUSIONS ': 'This observational evidence suggests a moderate association between long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms in Asia and a small association in Europe.

%K depression %K depressive symptom %K mental health %K meta-analysis %K overtime %K participant data %K psychological distress %K systematic review %K working hour %K working life %K working time %R 10.5271/sjweh.3712 %U https://www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract.php?abstract_id=3712 %U https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3712 %P 239-250