@Article{Lundstrm1997, author = "Lundström, N.-G. and Nordberg, G. and Englyst, V. and Gerhardsson, Lars and Hagmar, Lars and Jin, T. and Rylander, Lars and Wall, Stig", title = "Cumulative lead exposure in relation to mortality and lung cancer morbidity in a cohort of primary smelter workers", journal = "Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health", year = "1997", month = "Feb", day = "23", number = "1", pages = "24--30", keywords = "cohort study; copper-lead smelter; lung cancer", abstract = "'
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OBJECTIVES ': 'The purpose of this study was to determine the mortality and cancer incidence of long-term lead smelter workers at a primary smelter.'
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METHODS ': 'A cohort of 3979 workers employed for at least 1 year during 1928--1979 and a subcohort of 1992 workers employed in lead-exposed departments (lead only workers) was formed. The expected mortality in 1955--1987 and cancer incidence in 1958--1987 were calculated relative to the county rates, specified for cause, gender, 5-year age groups, and calendar year. A cumulative blood-lead index was used for the dose-response analyses.'
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RESULTS ': 'The lung cancer incidence of the total cohort [standardized incidence ratio (SIR) 2.8, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.1--3.8] and the group with the highest exposure (SIR 3.1, 95% CI 2.0--4.6) was high. Similar risk estimates were observed with a latency of 15 years. The workers hired before 1950 had higher lung cancer risk estimates (SIR 3.6, 95% CI 2.6--5.0) than the workers hired later (SIR 1.3, 95% CI 0.6--2.6, no latency period). The risk estimates for lung cancer were further elevated in the subcohort of lead-only workers (SIR 5.1, 95% CI 2.0--10.5 in the highest exposed subgroup; latency period of 15 years). No excesses of other malignancies were noted.'
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CONCLUSIONS ': 'The increased relative risks were probably mainly due to interactions between lead and other carcinogenic exposures, including arsenic. Further study is required concerning such possible interactions before a role in the induction of lung cancer can be ascribed to lead.
", issn = "0355-3140", doi = "10.5271/sjweh.174", url = "https://www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract.php?abstract_id=174", url = "https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.174" }