ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Exposure to heat at work: development of a quantitative European job exposure matrix (heat JEM)
Tosca OE de Crom,
Bernice Scholten,
Eugenio Traini,
Koen van der Sanden,
Boris Kingma,
Floris Pekel,
Manosij Ghosh,
Hilde Notø,
Michelle C Turner,
Miguel Angel Alba Hidalgo,
Lisa Klous,
Maria Albin,
Henrik A Kolstad,
Jenny Selander,
Calvin Ge,
Anjoeka Pronk
Scand J Work Environ Health 2026;52(1):7-18
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Parental occupational exposure to solvents and risk of developing testicular germ cell tumors among sons: a French nationwide case-control study (TESTIS study)
Margot Guth,
Marie Lefevre,
Corinne Pilorget,
Astrid Coste,
Shukrullah Ahmadi,
Aurélie Danjou,
Brigitte Dananché,
Delphine Praud,
Isabelle Koscinski,
Aline Papaxanthos,
Oxana Blagosklonov,
Patricia Fauque,
Olivia Pérol,
Joachim Schüz,
Louis Bujan,
Ann Olsson,
Béatrice Fervers,
Barbara Charbotel,
the TESTIS study group
Scand J Work Environ Health 2023;49(6):405-418
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Acute myocardial infarction in relation to physical activities at work: a nationwide follow-up study based on job-exposure matrices
Jens Peter Ellekilde Bonde,
Dr Med Sci,
Esben Meulengracht Flachs,
Ida EH Madsen,
Sesilje Bondo Petersen,
Johan Hvid Andersen,
Johnni Hansen,
Esben Budtz Jørgensen,
Henrik Kolstad,
Andreas Holtermann,
Vivi Schlünssen,
Susanne Wulff Svendsen
Scand J Work Environ Health 2020;46(3):268-277
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Exposure to loud noise and risk of vestibular schwannoma: results from the INTERPHONE international case–control study
Isabelle Deltour,
Brigitte Schlehofer,
Amélie Massardier-Pilonchéry,
Klaus Schlaefer,
Bruce Armstrong,
Graham G Giles,
Jack Siemiatycki,
Marie-Elise Parent,
Daniel Krewski,
Mary McBride,
Christoffer Johansen,
Anssi Auvinen,
Tiina Salminen,
Martine Hours,
Lucile Montestrucq,
Maria Blettner,
Gabriele Berg-Beckhoff,
Siegal Sadetzki,
Angela Chetrit,
Susanna Lagorio,
Ivano Iavarone,
Naohito Yamaguchi,
Toru Takebayashi,
Alistair Woodward,
Angus Cook,
Tore Tynes,
Lars Klaeboe,
Maria Feychting,
Stefan Lönn,
Sarah Fleming,
Anthony J Swerdlow,
Minouk J Schoemaker,
Monika Moissonnier,
Ausrele Kesminiene,
Elisabeth Cardis,
Joachim Schüz,
for the INTERPHONE Study Group
Scand J Work Environ Health 2019;45(2):183-193
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Intervention to diminish dehydration and kidney damage among sugarcane workers
David H Wegman,
Jenny Apelqvist,
Matteo Bottai,
Ulf Ekström,
Ramón García-Trabanino,
Jason Glaser,
Christer Hogstedt,
Kristina Jakobsson,
Emmanuel Jarquín,
Rebekah A I Lucas,
Ilana Weiss,
Catharina Wesseling,
Theo Bodin,
the Work Health and Efficiency (WE) Program Working Group
Scand J Work Environ Health 2018;44(1):16-24
EDITORIAL
Environmental noise and breast cancer risk?
Scand J Work Environ Health 2017;43(6):505-508
EDITORIAL
Advances in occupational traumatic injury research
Scand J Work Environ Health 2017;43(3):191-195
CASE REPORT
Asbestos in toys: an exemplary case
Scand J Work Environ Health 2016;42(1):80-85
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Exposure–response relationships for the ACGIH threshold limit value for hand-activity level: results from a pooled data study of carpal tunnel syndrome
Jay M Kapellusch,
Frederic E Gerr,
Elizabeth J Malloy,
Arun Garg,
Carisa Harris-Adamson,
Stephen S Bao,
Susan E Burt,
Ann Marie Dale,
Ellen A Eisen,
Bradley A Evanoff,
Kurt T Hegmann,
Barbara A Silverstein,
Matthew S Theise,
David M Rempel
Scand J Work Environ Health 2014;40(6):610-620
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Changes in working conditions and subsequent sickness absence
Scand J Work Environ Health 2014;40(1):82-88
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Prevalence and incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome in US working populations: pooled analysis of six prospective studies
Ann Marie Dale,
Carisa Harris-Adamson,
David Rempel,
Fred Gerr,
Kurt Hegmann,
Barbara Silverstein,
Susan Burt,
Arun Garg,
Jay Kapellusch,
Linda Merlino,
Matthew S Thiese,
Ellen A Eisen,
Bradley Evanoff
Scand J Work Environ Health 2013;39(5):495-505
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Black boxes and modifiable exposures
Scand J Work Environ Health 2013;39(4):425-426
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
A two-year follow-up study of risk of depression according to work-unit measures of psychological demands and decision latitude
Matias Brødsgaard Grynderup,
Ole Mors,
Åse Marie Hansen,
Johan Hviid Andersen,
Jens Peter Bonde,
Anette Kærgaard,
Linda Kærlev,
Sigurd Mikkelsen,
Reiner Rugulies,
Jane Frølund Thomsen,
Henrik Albert Kolstad
Scand J Work Environ Health 2012;38(6):527-536
SHORT COMMUNICATION
Does outdoor work during the winter season protect against depression and mood difficulties?
Ina H Hahn,
Matias Brødsgaard Grynderup,
Sofie B Dalsgaard,
Jane Frølund Thomsen,
Åse Marie Hansen,
Anette Kærgaard,
Linda Kærlev,
Ole Mors,
Reiner Rugulies,
Sigurd Mikkelsen,
Jens Peter Bonde,
Henrik Albert Kolstad
Scand J Work Environ Health 2011;37(5):446-449
AMENDMENTS & CORRECTIONS
Re: Ahrens W, Mambetova C, Bourdon-Raverdy N, Llopis-González A, Guénel P, Hardell L, Merletti F, Morales-Suárez-Varela M, Olsen J, Olsson H, Vyberg M, Zambon P. Occupational exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds and biliary tract cancer among men. Scand J Work Environ Health 2007;33(5):387–396.
Wolfgang Ahrens,
Chinara Mambetova,
Nicole Bourdon-Raverdy,
Agustin Llopis-González,
Pascal Guénel,
Lennart Hardell,
Franco Merletti,
Maria Morales-Suárez-Varela,
Jørn Olsen,
Håkan Olsson,
Mogens Vyberg,
Paola Zambon
Scand J Work Environ Health 2008;34(3):234
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Cancer incidence among Finnish farmers, 1995–2005
Scand J Work Environ Health 2008;34(1):73-79
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Ischemic stroke and shift work
Scand J Work Environ Health 2007;33(6):435-439
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Occupational exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds and biliary tract cancer among men
Wolfgang Ahrens,
Chinara Mambetova,
Nicole Bourdon-Raverdy,
Agustin Llopis-González,
Pascal Guénel,
Lennart Hardell,
Franco Merletti,
Maria Morales-Suárez-Varela,
Jørn Olsen,
Håkan Olsson,
Mogens Vyberg,
Paola Zambon
Scand J Work Environ Health 2007;33(5):387-396
AMENDMENTS & CORRECTIONS
Re: Darby S, Hill D, Deo H, Auvinen A, Barros-Dios MJ, Baysson H, Bochicchio F, Falk R, Farchi S, Figueiras A, Hakama M, Heid I, Hunter N, Kreienbrock L, Kreuzer M, Lagarde FC, Mäkeläinen I, Muirhead C, Oberaigner W, Pershagen G, Ruosteenoja E, Schaffrath Rosario A, Tirmarche M, Tomášek L, Whitley E, Wichmann H-E, Doll R. Residential radon and lung cancer—detailed results of a collaborative analysis of individual data on 7148 persons with lung cancer and 14 208 persons without lung cancer from 13 epidemiologic studies in Europe. Scand J Work Environ Health 2006;32 suppl 1:1–84.
Sarah Darby,
David Hill,
Harz Deo,
Anssi Auvinen,
Miguel J Barros-Dios,
Hélène Baysson,
Francesco Bochicchio,
Rolf Falk,
Sara Farchi,
Adolfo Figueiras,
Matti Hakama,
Iris Heid,
Nexahat Hunter,
Lothar Kreienbrock,
Michaela Kreuzer,
Frédéric C Lagarde,
Ilona Mäkeläinen,
Colin Muirhead,
Wilhelm Oberaigner,
Göran Pershagen,
Eeva Ruosteenoja,
Angelika Schaffrat Rosario,
Margot Tirmarche,
Ladislav Tomášek,
Elise Whitley,
Heinz-Erich Wichmann,
Richard Doll
Scand J Work Environ Health 2007;33(1):80
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Recall of prior musculoskeletal pain
Scand J Work Environ Health 2006;32(4):294-299
Residential radon and lung cancer—detailed results of a collaborative analysis of individual data on 7148 persons with lung cancer and 14 208 persons without lung cancer from 13 epidemiologic studies in Europe
Sarah Darby,
David Hill,
Harz Deo,
Anssi Auvinen,
Juan Miguel Barros-Dios,
Hélène Baysson,
Francesco Bochicchio,
Rolf Falk,
Sara Farchi,
Adolfo Figueiras,
Matti Hakama,
Iris Heid,
Nexahat Hunter,
Lothar Kreienbrock,
Michaela Kreuzer,
Frédéric Lagarde,
Ilona Mäkeläinen,
Colin Muirhead,
Wilhelm Oberaigner,
Göran Pershagen,
Eeva Ruosteenoja,
Angelika Schaffrath Rosario,
Margot Tirmarche,
Ladislav Tomášek,
Elise Whitley,
Heinz-Erich Wichmann,
Richard Doll
Scand J Work Environ Health 2006;32(Supplement 1):1-83
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Cancer incidence of Nordic asphalt workers
Britt Grethe Randem,
Igor Burstyn,
Sverre Langård,
Ole Svane,
Bengt Järvholm,
Timo Kauppinen,
Ingvar A Bergdahl,
Christoffer Johansen,
Johnni Hansen,
Timo Partanen,
Hans Kromhout,
Gilles Ferro,
Paolo Boffetta
Scand J Work Environ Health 2004;30(5):350-355
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Genetics and epidemiology
Scand J Work Environ Health 2004;30(3):254
REVIEW
Mechanical exposure concepts using force as the agent
Scand J Work Environ Health 2004;30(3):179-190
OBITUARY
Professor Emeritus Olav Axelson, MD
Scand J Work Environ Health 2004;30(2):172
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Cytogenetic and morphologic subgroups of myelodysplastic syndromes in relation to occupational and hobby exposures
Maria Albin,
Jonas Björk,
Hans Welinder,
Håkan Tinnerberg,
Nils Mauritzson,
Rolf Billström,
Ulf Strömberg,
Zoli Mikoczy,
Bertil Johansson,
Tomas Ahlgren,
Per-Gunnar Nilsson,
Felix Mitelman,
Lars Hagmar
Scand J Work Environ Health 2003;29(5):378-387
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Healthy worker effect in cohort studies on chronic bronchitis
Scand J Work Environ Health 2002;28(5):328-332
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Occupation as a risk factor for uveal melanoma in Germany
Scand J Work Environ Health 2002;28(4):270-277
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Work environment of Danish shift and day workers
Scand J Work Environ Health 2001;27(2):97-105
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Bladder cancer in the textile industry
Scand J Work Environ Health 2000;26(6):476-481
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Standing at work and varicose veins
Scand J Work Environ Health 2000;26(5):414-420
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Maternal occupational risk factors for oral clefts
Scand J Work Environ Health 2000;26(2):137-145
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Cancer incidence among Norwegian airline pilots
Scand J Work Environ Health 2000;26(2):106-111
INVITED ARTICLE
Challenges to retrospective exposure assessment
Scand J Work Environ Health 1999;25(6):505-510
ARTICLE
Health and hazard surveillance - needs and perspectives
Scand J Work Environ Health 1999;25(Supplement 4):61-67
ARTICLE
Methodology for analyzing episodic events
Scand J Work Environ Health 1999;25(Supplement 4):36-42
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Risk of hand dermatitis among hairdressers versus office workers
Scand J Work Environ Health 1999;25(5):450-456
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Adult-onset asthma and occupational exposures
Scand J Work Environ Health 1999;25(5):430-435
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Role of physical load factors in carpal tunnel syndrome
Scand J Work Environ Health 1999;25(3):163-185
ARTICLE
Hospital work and fecundability
Scand J Work Environ Health 1999;25(Supplement 1):47-48
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year of birth and sperm count in 10 Danish occupational studies
Jens Peter Ellekilde Bonde,
T Kold Jensen,
S Brixen Larsen,
A Abell,
T Scheike,
N H I Hjollund,
Henrik Albert Kolstad,
E Ernst,
A Giwercman,
Niels Erik Skakkebæk,
N Keiding,
Jørn Olsen
Scand J Work Environ Health 1998;24(5):407-413
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Occupational risk factors of lung cancer in São Paulo, Brazil
Scand J Work Environ Health 1998;24(2):118-124
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Mortality from asthma and cancer among sulfite mill workers
Scand J Work Environ Health 1998;24(1):12-17
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Mortality of Italian lead smelter workers
Scand J Work Environ Health 1997;23(1):15-23
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Incidence of lung cancer among cobalt-exposed women
Scand J Work Environ Health 1996;22(6):444-450
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among sewage workers
Scand J Work Environ Health 1996;22(5):364-368
REVIEW
Occupation as a risk factor for knee disorders
Scand J Work Environ Health 1996;22(3):165-175
SHORT COMMUNICATION
Scleroderma and occupational exposure
Scand J Work Environ Health 1995;21(4):289-292
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Cancer risk for European asphalt workers
T J Partanen,
Paolo Boffetta,
P R Heikkilä,
R R Frentzel-Beyme,
Dick Heederik,
Martine Hours,
Bengt G Järvholm,
Timo P Kauppinen,
Hans Kromhout,
Sverre Langård,
O B Svane,
M Bernstein,
Pier A Bertazzi,
Manolis Kogevinas,
M A Neuberger,
Brian Pannett,
Jordi Sunyer
Scand J Work Environ Health 1995;21(4):252-258
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Cancer incidence among pharmaceutical workers
Scand J Work Environ Health 1995;21(2):116-123
REVIEW
Occupational back pain -- an unhelpful polemic
Scand J Work Environ Health 1995;21(1):3-14
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Neuropsychiatric function of housepainters with previous long-term heavy exposure to organic solvents
Ingvar Lundberg,
Hans Michélsen,
Gun Nise,
Christer Hogstedt,
Margareta Högberg,
Lars Alfredsson,
Ove Almkvist,
Annika Gustavsson,
Maud Hagman,
Jörgen Herlofson,
Tomas Hindmarsh,
Arne Wennberg
Scand J Work Environ Health 1995;21(Supplement 1):1-44
CONFERENCE REPORT
Epilogue
Scand J Work Environ Health 1992;18(Supplement 1):116-117
SHORT COMMUNICATION
Classification of low-back pain.
Scand J Work Environ Health 1982;8(2):134-136
CONFERENCE REPORT
Epidemiologic principles applied to injury prevention.
Scand J Work Environ Health 1981;7(Supplement 4):91-96
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Exposure to organic solvents. A cross-sectional epidemiologic investigation on occupationally exposed care and industrial spray painters with special reference to the nervous system.
Stig-Arne Elofsson,
Francesco Gamberale,
Tomas Hindmarsh,
Anders Iregren,
Anders Isaksson,
Inger Johnsson,
Bengt Knave,
Eva Lydahl,
Per Mindus,
Hans E Persson,
Bo Philipson,
Maria Steby,
Göran Struwe,
Erik Soderman,
Arne Wennberg,
Lennart Widén
Scand J Work Environ Health 1980;6(4):239-273
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Statistical modeling of epidemiologic data.
Scand J Work Environ Health 1980;6(2):146-152
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Aspects on confounding in occupational health epidemiology.
Scand J Work Environ Health 1978;4(1):98-102
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Association between asbestos exposure and pericardial and tunica vaginalis testis malignant mesothelioma: a case–control study and epidemiological remarks
Alessandro Marinaccio,
Dario Consonni,
Carolina Mensi,
Dario Mirabelli,
Enrica Migliore,
Corrado Magnani,
Davide Di Marzio,
Valerio Gennaro,
Guido Mazzoleni,
Paolo Girardi,
Corrado Negro,
Antonio Romanelli,
Elisabetta Chellini,
Iolanda Grappasonni,
Gabriella Madeo,
Elisa Romeo,
Valeria Ascoli,
Francesco Carrozza,
Italo Francesco Angelillo,
Domenica Cavone,
Rosario Tumino,
Massimo Melis,
Stefania Curti,
Giovanni Brandi,
Stefano Mattioli,
Sergio Iavicoli,
ReNaM Working Group
Scand J Work Environ Health 2020;46(6):609-617
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Persistent and changing job strain and risk of coronary heart disease. A population-based cohort study of 1.6 million employees in Denmark
Reiner Rugulies,
Elisabeth Framke,
Jeppe Karl Sørensen,
Annemette Coop Svane-Petersen,
Kristina Alexanderson,
Jens Peter Bonde,
Kristin Farrants,
Esben Meulengracht Flachs,
Linda L Magnusson Hanson,
Solja T Nyberg,
Mika Kivimäki,
Ida EH Madsen
Scand J Work Environ Health 2020;46(5):498-507
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Low-quality employment trajectories and risk of common mental disorders, substance use disorders and suicide attempt: a longitudinal study of the Swedish workforce
Johanna Jonsson,
Carles Muntaner,
Theo Bodin,
Magnus Alderling,
Rebeka Balogh,
Bo Burström,
Letitia Davis,
Virginia Gunn,
Tomas Hemmingsson,
Mireia Julià,
Katarina Kjellberg,
Bertina Kreshpaj,
Cecilia Orellana,
Eva Padrosa,
David H Wegman,
Nuria Matilla-Santander
Scand J Work Environ Health 2021;47(7):509-520
REVIEW
Harmonized definition of occupational burnout: A systematic review, semantic analysis, and Delphi consensus in 29 countries
Irina Guseva Canu,
Sandy Carla Marca,
Francesca Dell’Oro,
Ádám Balázs,
Enrico Bergamaschi,
Christine Besse,
Renzo Bianchi,
Jovanka Bislimovska,
Adrijana Koscec Bjelajac,
Merete Bugge,
Carmen Iliana Busneag,
Çiğdem Çağlayan,
Mariana Cernițanu,
Cristiana Costa Pereira,
Nataša Dernovšček Hafner,
Nadia Droz,
Maija Eglite,
Lode Godderis,
Harald Gündel,
Jari J Hakanen,
Raluca Maria Iordache,
Imane Khireddine-Medouni,
Sibel Kiran,
Francesca Larese-Filon,
Catherine Lazor-Blanchet,
Patrick Légeron,
Tom Loney,
Nicole Majery,
Eda Merisalu,
Ingrid Sivesind Mehlum,
Laurent Michaud,
Dragan Mijakoski,
Jordan Minov,
Alberto Modenese,
Marija Molan,
Henk van der Molen,
Evangelia Nena,
Dusan Nolimal,
Marina Otelea,
Elisabeta Pletea,
Nurka Pranjic,
David Rebergen,
Jelena Reste,
Eva Schernhammer,
Anny Wahlen
Scand J Work Environ Health 2021;47(2):95-107
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Exploring multidimensional operationalizations of precarious employment in Swedish register data – a typological approach and a summative score approach
Johanna Jonsson,
Nuria Matilla-Santander,
Bertina Kreshpaj,
Cecilia Orellana,
Gun Johansson,
Bo Burström,
Magnus Alderling,
Trevor Peckham,
Katarina Kjellberg,
Jenny Selander,
Per-Olof Östergren,
Theo Bodin
Scand J Work Environ Health 2021;47(2):117-126
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Occupational exposure to organic dust and risk of lymphoma subtypes in the EPILYMPH case–control study
Pierluigi Cocco,
Giannina Satta,
Federico Meloni,
Ilaria Pilia,
Fahad Ahmed,
Nikolaus Becker,
Delphine Casabonne,
Silvia de Sanjosé,
Lenka Foretova,
Marc Maynadié,
Alexandra Nieters,
Anthony Staines,
Andrea ‘t Mannetje,
Mariagrazia Zucca,
Maria Grazia Ennas,
Marcello Campagna,
Sara De Matteis,
Yolanda Benavente
Scand J Work Environ Health 2021;47(1):42-51
SHORT COMMUNICATION
Occupational risk of COVID-19 across pandemic waves: a two-year national follow-up study of hospital admissions
Jens Peter Ellekilde Bonde,
Lea Sell,
Johan Høy Jensen,
Luise Mølenberg Begtrup,
Esben Meulengracht Flachs,
Kristina Jakobsson,
Christel Nielsen,
Kerstin Nilsson,
Lars Rylander,
Kajsa Ugelvig Petersen,
Sandra Søgaard Tøttenborg
Scand J Work Environ Health 2022;48(8):672-677
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Healthcare workers’ SARS-CoV-2 infection rates during the second wave of the pandemic: follow-up study
Anne Mette Würtz,
Martin B Kinnerup,
Kirsten Pugdahl,
Vivi Schlünssen,
Jesper Medom Vestergaard,
Kent Nielsen,
Christine Cramer,
Jens Peter Bonde,
Karin Biering,
Ole Carstensen,
Karoline Kærgaard Hansen,
Annett Dalbøge,
Esben Meulengracht Flachs,
Mette Lausten Hansen,
Ane Marie Thulstrup,
Else Toft Würtz,
Mona Kjærsgaard,
Mette Wulf Christensen,
Henrik Albert Kolstad
Scand J Work Environ Health 2022;48(7):530-539
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Exploring the relationship between job characteristics and infection: Application of a COVID-19 job exposure matrix to SARS-CoV-2 infection data in the United Kingdom
Sarah Rhodes,
Sarah Beale,
Jack Wilkinson,
Karin van Veldhoven,
Ioannis Basinas,
William Mueller,
Karen Marieke Oude Hengel,
Alex Burdorf,
Susan Peters,
Zara A Stokholm,
Vivi Schlünssen,
Henrik Kolstad,
Anjoeka Pronk,
Neil Pearce,
Andrew Hayward,
Martie van Tongeren
Scand J Work Environ Health 2023;49(3):171-181
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Occupational risk of COVID-19 related hospital admission in Denmark 2020–2021: a follow-up study
Jens Peter Ellekilde Bonde,
Lea Sell,
Esben Meulengracht Flachs,
David Coggon,
Maria Albin,
Karen Marieke Oude Hengel,
Henrik Kolstad,
Ingrid Sivesind Mehlum,
Vivi Schlünssen,
Svetlana Solovieva,
Kjell Torén,
Kristina Jakobsson,
Christel Nielsen,
Kerstin Nilsson,
Lars Rylander,
Kajsa Ugelvig Petersen,
Sandra Søgaard Tøttenborg
Scand J Work Environ Health 2023;49(1):84-94