Asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) are prevalent obstructive lung diseases contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality worldwide (1). Organic dust exposure, most importantly from the farming and wood industries, is a suggested risk factor for both asthma and COPD (2, 3). However, how organic dust exposure affects individuals with asthma or COPD is not well established. We hypothesize that recent exposure to wood or farming dust is a risk factor for rehospitalization among individuals with asthma or COPD. We investigated this hypothesis in a longitudinal study using nationwide Danish administrative health and industry registers and quantitative dust industry exposure matrices (IEM) where hospital readmissions for asthma and COPD cases among ever farming and wood workers during follow-up were identified.
We aimed to investigate the association between previous year exposure to wood or farm dust and readmission for asthma or COPD.
Methods
We recently published a study on the association between farming and wood dust exposure and COPD incidence using a population of Danish workers who worked in the farming or wood industries 1964–2007 and were born 1933–1977 (4). Using this population, we identified all individuals with a first hospital diagnosis of either asthma or COPD between 1997–2007 in the Danish National Patient Register (4) who were blue-collar workers in either the wood or farming industries after their initial asthma or COPD diagnosis. Employment data came from the Supplementary Pension Fund register, which provides annual information on employment (industry code) according to the Danish Industrial Classification of Economic Activities. Overall, 769 workers diagnosed with asthma (3777 person-years) and 342 with COPD (1369 person-years) were included.
The population was followed from the year after their first asthma or COPD hospital diagnosis (including emergency room and department visits) until the year of first hospital readmission for asthma or COPD, respectively, with censoring for death, emigration, loss to follow-up, 65 years of age, retirement or end of follow-up on 31 December 2007.
COPD was defined according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) as emphysema (J43, J43.0, J43.1, J43.2, J43.8, J43.9) or other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (J44, J44.0, J44.1 J44.8, J44.9). Asthma was defined by ICD-10 codes for asthma (J45, J45.0, J45.1, J45.8, J45.9) or status asthmaticus (J46, J46.9).
We established wood and farming industry-specific time-dependent IEM for inhalable dust exposure levels as described earlier (4). Briefly, arithmetic mean exposure levels were estimated from the WOODEX exposure database (5) and personal measurements from Danish farmers (6) both based on the inhalable dust fraction. The wood industry IEM included quantitative dust estimates for six industries: (i) sawmilling/planing of wood, (ii) manufacture of veneer boards/wood-based boards, (iii) manufacture of builders carpentry/joinery, (iv) manufacture of wooden packaging, (v) furniture industry, and (vi) carpenter and joiner business/construction. The farming IEM included estimates for crop-, cattle-, pig-, poultry-, mixed-, and fur-animal farming.
Each person-year of employment within the wood or farming industries during follow-up was assigned an exposure level based on the IEM, and follow-up years were further divided into three exposure groups [no (reference), low (>0–0.7 mg/m3) and high (>0.7 mg/m3)] according to the median exposure level. The majority of the reference group worked in other industries and a minority was unemployed (table 1).
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of 769 workers with an asthma diagnosis and 342 workers with a COPD diagnosis working in the Danish farming or wood industry during follow-up (1997–2007) by dust exposure intensity previous year.
| Worker characteristics | Asthma population Dust exposure intensity previous year (mg/m3) | COPD population Dust exposure intensity previous year (mg/m3) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| 0 | >0–0.70 | >0.70–5.70 | Missing | 0 | >0–0.70 | >0.70–5.70 | Missing | |
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| 17% (N=131) | 39% (N=299) | 40% (N=306) | 4% (N=33) | 13% (N=46) | 41% (N=139) | 42% (N=143) | 4% (N=14) | |
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| % | % | % | % | % | % | % | ||
| Age group (years) | ||||||||
| 20–39 | 62 | 56 | 54 | 33 | 15 | 15 | ||
| 40–49 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 26 | 30 | 19 | ||
| 50–69 | 14 | 20 | 23 | 41 | 55 | 66 | ||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 85 | 76 | 84 | 89 | 76 | 89 | ||
| Female | 15 | 24 | 16 | 11 | 24 | 11 | ||
| Labor force participation | ||||||||
| Yes | 80 | 91 | 93 | 63 | 83 | 93 | ||
| No | 20 | 9 | 7 | 37 | 17 | 7 | ||
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||||
| Top management | <5 a | 0 | <2 a | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Self-employed | 7 | 3 | <2 a | <11 a | <4 a | <4 a | ||
| Higher and middle wage earners | <5 a | 4 | <2 a | <11 a | <4 a | <4 a | ||
| Employee at basic level | 70 | 85 | 88 | 52 | 82 | 92 | ||
| Student/unemployed | 20 | 8 | 7 | 37 | 13 | 5 | ||
| Missing | <5 a | 0 | 0 | <11 a | 0 | <4 a | ||
| Exposure source | ||||||||
| Wood | ~65 | 76 | 56 | ~60 | ~80 | ~73 | ||
| Farming | ~35 | 20 | 38 | ~40 | ~20 | ~27 | ||
| Wood and farming | - | 4 | 6 | - | - | - | ||
Associations between previous year dust exposure and hospital readmission for asthma or COPD were investigated with logistic regression analyses with person-years as the unit of analysis providing rate ratios (RR). We additionally performed stratified analyses for farming and wood workers separately excluding those with mixed exposure. All independent variables were lagged one year. Age (10-year categories), sex, time since first diagnosis (in years), socioeconomic status (SES), and labor force participation (yes/no) were included as covariates. Labor force participation was defined as a period, minimally 25% of the year, with no public benefit payment. We performed all analyses using STATA 13.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA) on Statistics Denmark.
Results
The study population spent 51% (asthma cases) and 57% (COPD cases), respectively, of their follow-up time in wood or farming related industries. The mean number of follow-up years was 3.9 (range 1–10) for asthma patients and 3.4 (range 1–10) for COPD patients. At baseline, the mean age was 39 [standard deviation (SD) 10] and 49 (SD 9) years for asthma and COPD patients, respectively. Most were men, had a basic level work, and a stable labor force participation. The majority of the follow-up years were in the high dust exposure groups. Workers who were not exposed at the start of follow-up were more likely to have a lower degree of labor force participation and basic level work (table 1).
In the main analysis, asthma readmissions were associated with previous year dust exposure, adjusted rate ratios (RRadj) 2.52 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45–4.40] for low and RRadj 2.64 (95% CI 1.52–4.60) for high exposure level compared to no exposure in the previous year (table 2). RRadj for COPD readmission were 1.36 (95% CI 0.57–3.23) for low and 1.20 (95% CI 0.49–2.95) for high exposure level in the previous year, compared to non-exposed in the previous year. For asthma readmissions, analyses stratified by type of dust exposure provided similar estimates as the main analysis for wood dust: RRadj 2.38 (95% CI 1.23–4.60) and 2.67 (95% CI 1.35–5.26) for low and high exposure level previous year, respectively. For those exposed to farming dust only, the RRadj were even higher: 4.03 (95% CI 1.20–13.52) and 3.59 (95% CI 1.11–11.59) (table 2). No clear association was seen for COPD readmissions, either for wood or farming dust. The small percentage (1.5% and 4%, respectively) of the asthma and COPD populations exposed to both wood and farming dust during follow-up were excluded in the stratified analysis.
Table 2
Rate ratios (RR) of asthma (N=769, 3777 person-years) and COPD (N=342, 1369 person-years) readmissions. Overall results and results stratified by farming or wood dust. In order to comply with the General Data Protection Regulation, cases and numbers of person-years for the stratified analyses of the COPD cases cannot be stated in the table.
| Exposure level, (mg/m3) | Cases | Person-years | RRcrude (95% CI) | RRadja (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | ||||
| Asthma | ||||
| 0 | 24 | 1863 | 1 | 1 |
| >0–0.7 | 45 | 932 | 3.89 (2.35–6.42) | 2.52 (1.45–4.40) |
| >0.7 | 49 | 982 | 4.02 (2.45–6.60) | 2.64 (1.52–4.60) |
| COPD | ||||
| 0 | 13 | 568 | 1 | 1 |
| >0–0.7 | 17 | 375 | 2.03 (0.97–4.22) | 1.36 (0.57–3.23) |
| >0.7 | 17 | 426 | 1.77 (0.85–3.69) | 1.20 (0.49–2.95) |
| Wood | ||||
| Asthma | ||||
| 0 | 18 | 1018 | 1 | 1 |
| >0–0.7 | 34 | 697 | 2.85 (1.60–5.09) | 2.38 (1.23–4.60) |
| >0.7 | 33 | 650 | 2.97 (1.66–5.32) | 2.67 (1.35–5.26) |
| COPD | ||||
| 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
| >0–0.7 | 2.13 (0.92–4.94) | 1.49 (0.52–4.28) | ||
| >0.7 | 1.42 (0.59–3.41) | 0.90 (0.30–2.75) | ||
| Farming | ||||
| Asthma | ||||
| 0 | 5 | 762 | 1 | 1 |
| >0–0.7 | 9 | 164 | 8.79 (2.91–26.59) | 4.03 (1.20–13.52) |
| >0.7 | 14 | 273 | 8.18 (2.92–22.94) | 3.59 (1.11–11.59) |
| COPD | ||||
| 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
| >0–0.7 | 1.34 (0.24–7.45) | 1.32 (0.19–9.08) | ||
| >0.7 | 3.03 (0.79–11.56) | 2.61 (0.54–12.49) |
Discussion
In this analysis, being exposed to wood and farming dust in the previous year more than doubled the risk of hospital readmission for asthma patients but not COPD patients. Analyses stratified by wood and farming dust exposure showed even higher risk estimates for farming-dust-exposed workers.
Studies suggest that hospital readmissions for asthma and COPD are related to the level of ambient air pollution (7). However, we are not aware of studies investigating how occupational dust exposure impacts hospital readmissions for workers with asthma or COPD. A 40% increased risk of COPD (but not asthma) exacerbations has previously been reported among COPD patients living within a radius of 500 m of a livestock farm (8). People with asthma more often report uncontrolled asthma in jobs with airborne exposures compared to jobs without (9), and ongoing occupational exposure has been associated with a poorer prognosis for individuals with asthma caused by occupational agents (10). Barely any knowledge on the impact of occupational exposures on COPD prognosis is available. However, a study from the US suggests a history of occupational exposures to be associated with a worse prognosis in patients with COPD (11).
In the current study, we focused on the impact of previous year exposure to wood or farming dust on hospital readmissions for asthma and COPD patients. For asthma, we realize that acute exacerbations, leading to hospital readmission, can be related to short-term peak exposure, however, we hypothesized that not only peak exposures but also dust exposure in the preceding months affects the prognosis, possibly due to low grade inflammation caused by ongoing exposure.
Even though the organic components in wood dust (mainly celluloses, hemicelluloses, lignin and low molecular weight organic and inorganic compounds) and farm dust (mainly organic material from plants, fodder, animals, microorganisms, and soil) are probably highly different, quite similar results were seen for the two types of dust.
A strength of this study is the use of comprehensive Danish employment and health registers combined with quantitative estimates of wood and farming dust exposure in a register-based cohort study with minimal risk of recall bias. A limitation is missing smoking information. However, for a subgroup of the cohort from which the wood and farming workers with asthma and COPD of the current study are identified, we observed no association between wood or farming dust and smoking (4). Therefore, we do not anticipate smoking to confound our findings. The observed null finding regarding COPD readmissions is likely explained by the healthy worker survivor effect, which was evident also in our recent publication on wood or farming dust exposure and risk of COPD (4). We assume severity of COPD has a large impact on work ability and that this may underestimate the effect of dust exposure, further supporting the healthy worker survivor effect.
Another limitation is that job task information cannot be accounted for in IEM. However, the farming and wood industry are well-defined entities where the probability of exposure is high and substantial variability in exposure within different farming and wood industries are well documented.
In conclusion, this study indicates that previous year exposure to wood or farming dust increases the risk of hospital readmission for individuals with asthma but not for individuals with COPD. In future studies more detailed information on severity of asthma and COPD are warranted.
